The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay Essay Example

The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay Paper The Crusades are considered as an built-in portion of World History. They were important events for Islam and Christendom likewise. What are the Crusades all about? Why did they happen? What was its intent? This research paper aims to discourse the definition. beginning and most significantly. the intent of the Crusades. Definition of Campaign The Crusades are military jaunts with a spiritual aim. as these are sanctioned by the Pope and the Church ( Sloan. 2000 ; â€Å"Crusades–Battles. † 2008 ) . Originally. the word â€Å"Crusade† meant all missions accomplished on the promise of salvaging the Christian districts from Muslim business ( Brehier. 1908 ) . However. during the mediaeval times. the word had acquired a cover definition. as it came to include all wars against enemies of Christendom ( Brehier. 1908 ) . All the Crusades occurred between the eleventh and the 13th centuries A. D. ( â€Å"Crusades–Battles. † 2008 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of the Crusades from 1096 AD to 1270 AD Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Harmonizing to Sloan ( 2000 ) . the term â€Å"crusade† was derived from the Portuguese wordcruzado. which means â€Å"mark with a cross. † Other beginnings. on the other manus. province that the word meant â€Å"cloth cross† ( Brehier. 1908 ; â€Å"Crusades-Battles. † 2008 ) . As the definition implies. the symbol for the Crusades was the Christian cross ( â€Å"Crusades–Battles. † 2008 ) . and it was secured on the garment worn by the Crusaders ( Brehier. 1908 ; Sloan. 2000 ) . Beginning of Crusades The Crusades were the consequence of a metempsychosis of spiritual ardor in 10th century Europe ( Sloan. 2000 ) . However. this was non the lone ground. as the people who were involved with the Campaigns joined because of personal involvements every bit good ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades were besides called â€Å"holy wars. † as they provided a locale for the pontificate to pay a legitimate war against the enemies of Christianity ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades besides gave the spiritual an chance to obtain redemption by agencies of pilgrims journey ( Sloan. 2000 ) . Four centuries prior. similar pilgrims journeies have occurred because of the ongoing feud between the Muslims and the Christians ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The finishs of the said pilgrims journeies include the countries where both faiths meet. illustrations of which are Sicily. Italy. Asia Minor and Spain ( Sloan. 2000 ) . Jerusalem is another pilgrim finish ( Sloan. 2000 ) . In a manner. the Crusades were highly helpful to the pontificate. and it is non merely because of the Pope’s aim of taking back lands from the custodies of Muslims. The Crusades besides served to interpret the combatant inclinations of the Christians into a productive enterprise ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades enjoyed popularity and intense support from the Christians merely because they were a manifestation of a Godhead licence to contend other work forces in the name of redemption ( Sloan. 2000 ) . Meanwhile. the attempts of the Crusaders helped the Church spread the influence of Christianity all over the universe ( Sloan. 2000 ) . The Crusades began in the 11th century. and stemmed from the bing issues of morality and political relations of Western Christendom ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The twelvemonth 1095 marked the thirtieth day of remembrance of William the Conqueror’s success in the fusion of England ( â€Å"The Church and the Crusaders. † 2007 ) . However. the Gallic had delegated the districts to certain relations. spliting it in the procedure ( â€Å"The Church and the Crusaders. † 2007 ) . It was these districts that caused feud between brothers. which subsequently resulted in warfare ( â€Å"The Church and the Crusaders. † 2007 ) . That is why during that period. Europe consisted of many provinces which were ruled by sovereign ( Brehier. 1908 ) . These sovereigns were excessively preoccupied with territorial struggles while the emperor. who governed over Christendom. was engrossed with coronation jobs ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Merely the Catholic Pope had a considerable capacity to unite the provinces ; hence. merely the pontificate could originate such an ambitious enterprise like the Crusades ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The governments did recognize that Europe was really much susceptible to menaces from the Byzantine Empire and the Muslims ( Brehier. 1908 ) . However. the Catholic Pope could non easy convince people to take part in a bold journey like the Crusades for the ground of the mere chase of Jerusalem ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Fortunately for the Catholic Pope. the pressing issues with Syria were plenty to actuate Christians to ship on the Crusades. and Pope Urban II did non hold much trouble looking for participants ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The latter portion of the 5th century saw the uninterrupted exposure to the East. Cities such as Gaul and Italy were visited by Syrians who brought with them Eastern humanistic disciplines. civilization and faith ( Brehier. 1908 ) . In add-on. Western Christians have travelled to topographic points such as Syria. Palestine and Egypt. largely because they wanted to travel to Jerusalem. There were so many pilgrims journeies to the East. and even onslaughts by savages did non decrease the Numberss. As a response to the demands of the legion pilgrims journeies. St. Gregory the Great built a hospice for the pilgrims in Jerusalem in 600 AD ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The early portion of the 8th century saw the troubles the Anglo-saxons had to confront merely to make the Holy Land ( Brehier. 1908 ) . An illustration of such adversity which was the instance of St. Willibald. Bishop of Eichstadt. whose pilgrims journey lasted seven long old ages ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Following their victory in the West. the Carolingians sought to better the province of the Latin citizens situated in the Eastern district ( Brehier. 1908 ) . This determination resulted in the understanding between Pepin the Short and Caliph of Bagdad ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Through the representatives from Haroun al-Rashid. the â€Å"keys to the Holy Sepulchre. the streamer from Jerusalem and some cherished relics† were given to the King of Franks ( Brehier. 1908. parity. 6 ) on November 30. 800. This gesture was symbolic. as it came to mean the â€Å"Frankish associated state over the Christians of Jerusalem† ( Brehier. 1908. parity. 6 ) . Seventy old ages after. Bernard the Monk went on a journey to Jerusalem. and found that the agreement was still upheld. There was prosperity and growing for the constitutions. a testament to the regular sending of alms to Jerusalem from the West ( Brehier. 1908 ) . However. things began to alter by the 10th century. Europe was confronting a sociopolitical crisis. and the pilgrims journeies were all of a sudden disrupted by Muslims ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The Muslims. under the leading of Caliph Omar. have occupied Jerusalem in 637 AD ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . Since so. Jerusalem had been under Muslim control. Despite this. spiritual tolerance between the two religions existed ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . The Muslims gave the pilgrims permission to travel about with their spiritual enterprises. granted that they were to pay for them to be allowed entree ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . On the other manus. they prohibited the building of new churches and the exhibition of crosses outside church premises ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . The civil relation between Islam and Christianity was sustained for 400 old ages ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . until the torment occurred ( Sloan. 2000 ) . It was found that Muslims were hassling those that visited the Holy Land. which made the trips to Jerusalem about intolerable. The state of affairs got worse. as the Fatimite Caliph of Egypt named Hakem demanded that all Christian establishments destroyed in 1009. including the Holy Sepulchre. ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The wake of this event resulted in widespread Christian subjugation ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The twelvemonth 1027 saw the overthrow of the Frankish associated state. which was later replaced by the Byzantine emperors ( Brehier. 1908 ) . As a people. the Muslims were non conditioned to be ever at war ; it is their faith that is responsible for their combatant dispositions ( Madden. 2002 ) . This is because Islam had ever been rooted in war ( Madden. 2002 ) . Even during Mohammed’s epoch. Islam had to fall back to warfare to distribute its beliefs ( Madden. 2002 ) . Islamic thought had long upheld a duality of the universe through the two residences. the Abode of Islam and the Abode of War ( Madden. 2002 ) . Both residences were for Muslims merely. go forthing no room for any other faith. However. tolerance is still possible. but merely within the parametric quantities established by Islam ( Madden. 2002 ) . This tolerance. on the other manus. was non an original facet of Islam. Harmonizing to Islamic beliefs. the belongingss and districts of other faiths. such as Christianity and Judaism. should be eradicated and seized ( Madden. 2002 ) . This belief likely originated during the 7th century. the clip when Mohammed was contending against Mecca ( Madden. 2002 ) . Back so. Christianity was highly influential and had legion districts to its name. doing it susceptible to Muslim onslaughts ( Madden. 2002 ) . After Mohammed died. the Muslims devoted their lives to the conflict against Christianity ( Madden. 2002 ) . They did so win in this enterprise ; one by one. Christian districts fell in the custodies of the Muslims. Jerusalem included. Despite the Muslim bullying. pilgrims continued to continue to Jerusalem in the 11th century. If earlier pilgrims journeies consisted of members of the wealthier category. this clip even in-between category citizens participated in the pilgrims journeies ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The figure of pilgrims increased ; Richard. Abbot of Saint-Vannes. brought 700 pilgrims with him in 1026. while Gunther. Bishop of Bamberg. led 12. 000 Germans to the Holy Land ( Brehier. 1908 ) . It was Gunther’s group that had to support themselves from Bedouins. turn outing that the faithful were excessively devoted to the Holy Sepulchre to withdraw ( Brehier. 1908 ) . This is a testament to the dedication of the pilgrims. that even though they knew the danger inherent in the trip. they still proceeded. They would volitionally put on the line their lives for this spiritual enterprise. However. it was the Seljukian Turks who became the biggest menace to the pilgrims. the Byzantine Empire and Christendom as a whole ( Brehier. 1908 ) . One by one. districts were sacked and captured by the Turks: Jerusalem was the first to be captured. rapidly followed by Asia Minor. Syria and Antioch ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Soon. all the districts were under Turkish control. The offenses committed by the Turks against the Christians were plenty: shrines were desecrated. pilgrims were either beat up. kidnapped or killed. while relics and other belongingss were stolen. This state of affairs prompted the Constantinople emperors to inquire the Catholic Popes for aid. which resulted in communicating between Michael VII and Gregory VII ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The Purpose of Crusades Because of the Seljukian Turks’ onslaught towards Byzantine Empire and Christendom. the thought of the Crusades emerged. The initial thought consisted of the Catholic Pope directing out military personnels to the East with three aims in head: â€Å"to re-establish Christian integrity. repel the Turks. and rescue the Holy Sepulchre† ( Brehier. 1908. parity. 8 ) . Unfortunately. this program was non put into action ; there were several factors that served as hinderances. To get down with. the Investitures had the Catholic Pope preoccupied ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Besides. emperors Nicephorus Botaniates and Alexius Comnenus both disapproved of a Roman spiritual brotherhood. Last. the war that had all of a sudden erupted between the Normans of the Sicilies and the Byzantine Empire was another factor ( Brehier. 1908 ) . The Birth of the Campaign However. the Crusades still came into fruition. this clip under the authorization of Pope Urban II ( Brehier. 1908 ) . In fact. many historiographers consider the construct of the Crusades as Pope Urban II’s inspiration ( Brehier. 1908 ) . In the twelvemonth 1095. Pope Urban II had a conference in Clermont. France ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . After eight yearss. the Catholic Pope delivered a address to the crowd. in which he declared his desire to salvage Jerusalem from the custodies of the Muslims ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . Pope Urban II besides said that all those who would take part would hold unsusceptibility from the wickednesss that will be committed in the Crusades ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. ) . The crowd responded good to the pope’s call. and answered him with the statement: â€Å"It is the will of God† ( â€Å"The Crusaders. † n. d. . parity. 2 ) . The Unofficial Crusade under Peter the Hermit However. it was Peter the Hermit who started the Crusades. From Picardy. he had traveled to Jerusalem and saw the Holy Sepulchre for himself ( Brehier. 1908 ) . It was this visit that encouraged Peter the Hermit to near the Catholic Pope about his purposes about the Crusade. In bend. Pope Urban II gave Peter the Hermit his approval ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Hence. it was Peter the Hermit who led the first campaign. despite its unofficial position ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † n. d. ) . The campaign of Peter the Hermit began in 1095. in which he gave discourses to provincials to promote them to take part in the campaigns ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . As a consequence. he had gathered a little group of people who would travel to Jerusalem ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . It was Peter the Hermit’s ardor for prophesying that worked to his advantage. It was this quality that converted provincials into reformers. people who embraced his instructions so much that he was considered as a saint ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . Regardless of his part to the Crusades. the bookmans have downplayed his portion. doing him look less of import than how he was earlier portrayed by the likes of Albert of Aix and William of Tyre ( Brehier. 1908 ) . Unfortunately. the campaign of Peter the Hermit was unsuccessful. The reformers exhibited disorderly behavior while going ; they stole nutrient and supplies from the people’s places ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . In add-on. they killed Hebrews while they were still in the European district ( â€Å"The Crusades Begin. † 2007 ) . The first functionary Crusade had one simple aim: the retrieval of Jerusalem from Muslim control ( â€Å"The First Crusade. † 2008 ) . In a military position. this was the most winning among all the other Crusades ( United Methodist Women. n. d. ) . The first Crusade invaded the Holy Land. an onslaught that lasted for five hebdomads ( Metropolitan Museum of Art [ MET ] . 2007 ) . In 1099. Christianity had gained Jerusalem back ( MET. 2007 ) . The Second Crusade occurred between 1147 and 1149. and was led by Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux ( MET. 2007 ) . This was non every bit successful as the first 1. because the Muslim forces had regained their strength ( MET. 2007 ) . By October 1187. under the leading of Salah al-Din. the Muslim military personnels recaptured the Holy Land ( MET. 2007 ) . The Third Crusade was successful. insofar as it recaptured Cyprus and Acre metropolis ( MET. 2007 ) . The most destructive Campaign. non to advert the most dissatisfactory for the Church was the Fourth Crusade ( MET. 2007 ) . The Crusaders deviated from the original program. and attacked Constantinople alternatively ( MET. 2007 ) . There were three more Campaigns after. In decision. the Crusades were rooted in the defence against Muslim aggression. The chief intent of the Crusades was to repossess control over the Holy Land. and unite Christendom one time once more. The Crusades are so a important portion of history. as it plays a cardinal function in the development and growing of Islam and Christianity. Regardless of one’s faith. these events must be considered so that the errors committed in the past must non be repeated. In the terminal. the difference in faith must be celebrated and respected. Mentions AllAboutGod. com. ( 2008 ) . Crusades-battles. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. allaboutgod. com/crusades. htm Brehier. L. ( 1908 ) .The Catholic encyclopaedia( D. Potter. trans. ) New York: Robert Appleton Company. EyeWitnesstoHistory. com. ( n. d. ) . The reformers capture Jerusalem. 1099. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. eyewitnesstohistory. com/crusades. htm HistoryLearningSite. co. ( 2008 ) . The first campaign. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //historylearningsite. co. uk/cru2. htm Madden. T. F. ( 2002 ) . The existent history of the campaigns.Crisis Magazine. 20 ( 4 ). n. P. MedievalCrusades. com. ( 2007 ) . The church and the reformers. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medievalcrusades. com/ MedievalCrusades. com. ( 2007 ) . The campaigns begin. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. medievalcrusades. com/crusadesbegin. htm Metropolitan Museum of Art. ( 2007 ) . The campaigns ( 1095-1291 ) . Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus. htm Sloan. J. ( 2000 ) . The campaigns in the Levant ( 1097-1291 ) . Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //xenophongroup. com/montjoie/crusade2. htm United Methodist Women. ( n. d. ) The Christian reformers. Retrieved February 8. 2008. from hypertext transfer protocol: //gbgm-umc. org/UMW/bible/crusades. short-term memory

Diversity is about change essays

Diversity is about change essays Diversity is about change. Changes in population, changes in attitude, and changes in education. As this world continues to grow, meeting the challenges of diversity will also grow. Demographers across the world estimate that world population will increase to 10-11 billion by year 2050. United States makes up 4% of this total. The United States' population percentage of the world's total will grow because many people will immigrate to the U.S. As the immigration population of the U.S. increases, diversity challenges will also increase in intensity and number. If the population growth continues in an exponential fashion, we will exceed our carrying capacity, creating a tragic decline in population. Such a population "crash" generally means that one race will try to overcome another for control of resources. To address the critical issues I have mentioned we must have well educated people. Educated in ecology. Educated in diversity. Those who feel that a certain group is more superior and tries to subdue the less powerful will not be the people we need deciding policies for our nation. What will I do in my class to prepare our future leaders? This paper answers this question by focusing on: As discussed previously changes in population are inevitable. Even though the U.S. birth rate, on a global average, is fairly low our nation will most likely hold on to the title as the third most populous country in the world. This is due to immigration. Especially in border states, such as California and Texas. As this kind of population growth continues the U.S. will continue to increase in cultural diversity. The most common immigrant's are families. They want a better life for their children. They want religious freedom. They want an education. As these children enter our school systems, they bring diversity with them, diversity in skin col ...

The mail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The mail - Essay Example Repayment of the loan is also important to them and at what rate it will be repaid, I am planning to repay the loan in two years time since I have already registered three hundred students who are to commence their studies next year. I already have 0.5 million dollars as capital and the extra funds will enable me to rent offices, hire lecturers, buy office furniture and equipments, and advertise in the media and internet and also to obtain a license which is very expensive to obtain. The presentation is the key to the success or failure of my plans therefore after the presentation I want the audience to be confident and satisfied with my plan and offer me the money, if it's possible I would like them to ask me to consider their partnership in the company. The presentation will last for at most three hours, I will therefore need to have a visual aid which include an LCD projector, a laptop and in this case led me yours and also a hearing aid. I am therefore needed to have slides that will aid me in communicating to them.

PESTEL analysis for Bank Barclays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PESTEL analysis for Bank Barclays - Essay Example History of the Barclays Bank The history of the bank can be tracked down to the year 1690 when two persons named John Feame and Thomas Gould commenced trading in Lombard Street of London basically as goldsmith bankers. In the year 1736, James Barclay became a part of the operation and since then the name Barclays has been related with the bank, however, only in the year 1896 the company got its name as Barclays Bank. Barclays expanded it’s tentacles in business by acquiring a number of smaller operations in all these years and expanded its business all over the UK and worldwide (Financial Advice, n.d.). In the year 1925, the international operations of the bank gained acceleration after the mergers with Colonial Bank, National Bank of South Africa and Anglo Egyptian Bank. The year 1961 saw the opening of the bank’s first computer operated branch in London on Drummond Street. In 1966, the UK got its first credit card which was launched by the Barclays Bank. The first ban k to make use of advertising in the television was also the Barclays in 1972. The bank has also tied up with Post Office Ltd. to spread out its services in personal banking, particularly in the sector of unsecured and secured loans. The Barclays Bank is spread over 50 countries and attends to 27 million customers (The Origin of, 2008). PESTEL Analysis of the Banking Industry Political Analysis Banks in the UK are trying to draw on research performed by Pricewaterhouse Coopers and the study shows that rigid rules in the banking industry will drain a sum of ?1tn from the financial system. As a result of which the businesses and the households would be deprived of any form of credit and loans. The regulatory changes that are being made in 2011 would require the banks to keep larger capital cushions (Treanor, 2010). The â€Å"Big Four† banks in the UK that have resisted radical shake-up calls in their business after the announcement of the bank reform report are Royal Bank of Sco tland, Barclays, Lloyds Banking Group and HSBC. The expected subsidiarisation model states that allocation of capital has to be made to different country operations and units by the bank. This would eventually pressurise the top lenders of the UK for new capital requirements (Reuters, 2011). Economic Analysis Banking sectors are the basic providers of financial services. Therefore, the factors such as tax, inflation rate and interest rates have strong influence. According to the latest information it has been discovered that the banks in the UK that deals in loan primarily would be discussing about the prospects of expected investments by the tax payers, with the concerned authorities (Economy Watch, 2011). The UK is within the top 30 rich countries with the UK’s GDP per capita being $37,400. Out of which the contribution of the financial sector remains to be the highest being 76.2% of GDP (Economy Watch, 2011). Social Analysis Demographics influence the banking industry to a great extent. The factors that are having a significant impact in relation to banking sector are mortgage, living standard, total

Calls for Change in High School Mathematics Essay Example for Free

Calls for Change in High School Mathematics Essay Mathematic educators, parents and students are calling for proper changes in approaches to learning mathematics in high schools. The need to improve learning of mathematics in schools is highly recognized and underlined. Thus, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics published the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics that offered recommendations for high school mathematics reform. In addition, the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences in their official report ‘The Mathematical Sciences Curriculum K–12: What Is Still Fundamental and What Is Not’ stresses the importance of new topics and techniques in the secondary schools. New approaches should develop new learning techniques that would be discrete from statistics, mathematics, and emphasis on algebra and geometry should be properly re-assessed according to different abilities and needs of students who are taking mathematics course in the secondary school and high school respectively. The need for change and innovation is generally driven by emergence of advanced computing technologies that offers excellent opportunities for school educators to replace manipulative traditional techniques with more complex realistic problem-solving techniques. In its turn, the National Science Board Commission issued a report ‘Educating Americans for the 21st Century’ challenging courses in algebra and pre-calculus and stressing the importance of developing integrated mathematical sciences curriculum in the secondary school. Researchers argue that new curriculum will positively affect students’ achievement outcomes in the secondary and high schools. To make changes more effective teachers are required to understand the advantage of curriculum’s full scope and its consequences; students are required to support the expectations of classroom environment. The Core-Plus Mathematic Project is newly developed curriculum for high school mathematics. Of course, the Core-Plus Mathematic Project or CPMP curriculum is a matter of debates and controversies as not everyone admits the need of high school mathematics reforms. Nonetheless, the CPMP curriculum is worked out with assistance of mathematics education researchers, instructional specialists and classroom teachers. Moreover, the curriculum is shaped by empirical evidence gathered from students and teachers who are willing to participate in field testing. In particular, organization of mathematics curriculum should be interpreted in terms of teaching and assessment recommendations and should follow the standards set in the above-mentioned reports. New mathematics curriculum is a three-year mathematics course for high-school students who are allowed to take the fourth year to prepare for college mathematics. Newly designed curriculum differs from more traditional approaches as new curriculum encourages students’ understanding of mathematics – statistics, probability, algebra, geometry, trigonometry and discrete mathematics. Learning mathematics is developed in focused units that combine fundamental ideas with mathematical habits of mind. It means that new curriculum stresses the need to connect function, data analysis and symmetry with recursive and visual thinking. In contrast to traditional approaches to mathematics, new curriculum emphasizes the role of mathematical modeling and problem-solving instead of simple calculus. Researchers say the primary goal of curriculum improvement is to enhance students’ understanding and comprehension of key mathematical processes and concepts, to enhance student’s ability to use mathematical concepts in real-world problem-solving. Graphic calculators should enhance students’ understanding and abilities to solve authentic problems. Improved instructional materials encourage active teaching and learning processes that will primarily focus on problem situations, abstraction and analysis. Oral and written communication, reasoning with ability to represent, and conceptual understanding are highly appreciated and encouraged. All courses centre on mathematical reasoning and thinking with abilities to develop formal proof. Additional fourth year course will allow to keep students, who prepare for college mathematics, despite whether their undergraduate program is based on calculus. Students interested in mathematics are encouraged to be accelerated into the fourth course year. Today, many researches are focus on identifying whether new curriculum meets its specific goals. In particular, they try to reveal whether the learning outcomes based on new patterns of mathematics learning process differ from outcomes based on more traditional curriculum. During the past eight years researchers conducted various studies to examine mathematical achievement in classroom with CPMP curricula. Research studies have revealed that performance of CPMP students is much better than that of students with traditional interpretation of mathematical representation. It means that problem-solving and recursive thinking appear to be more effective in learning mathematics than simple understanding of key concepts of processes. Further, CPMP students are characterized by higher grade results at the end of the years than students with traditional approach to mathematics. Summing up, recent researches have indicated that CPMP students perform better than students with traditional curriculum. CPMP students are characterized by better abilities to interpret mathematical representation and calculation, to measure conceptual understanding and to recognize the importance of problem-solving. CPMP students are better in probability and statistics, algebraic manipulative skills, etc. Nonetheless, researchers argue that student’s success in college mathematics doesn’t fully depend on CPMP curriculum. Other factors, as, for example, student’s attentiveness, readiness to participate in learning process, self-awareness, classroom environment, play their important role in student’s high school mathematics performance. With guidance from educators, researchers and teachers, curriculum developers will be able to build on stronger patters of student outcomes. References Schoen, H. L. , Hirsch, Ch. R. (2003). Responding to Calls for Change in High School Mathematics: Implications for Collegiate Mathematics. The Mathematical Association of America Monthly, February, pp. 109-123. Available on-line from http://www. jstor. org/stable/3647770 .

Writing Curriculums: An International Perspective :: Essays Papers

Writing Curriculums: An International Perspective Introduction: According to Dr Samuel Johnson, rhetoric is essential to modern-day communication. Yet, the importance of writing is being overlooked. In part this can be explained for the reason that writing is not a new invention, thus universally writing is being taken for granted (â€Å"Writing System Alternativs†). Further, due to the familiarity of rhetoric research and improvement to the system is also almost completely being ignored (â€Å"Writing System Alternativs†). In the United States there are no national standard writing curriculums required at university levels, however more capita per year is spent on writing programs in school systems here than other countries throughout the world. Unfortunately, these generous contributions to society continue to result in poor writing, unoriginal composition, and a consistently high illiteracy rates (â€Å"Writing System Alternativs†). Here, at Syracuse University, writing 105 and 205 are required for almost all majors. However, not all schools throughout the university, and other universities abide by the same requirements. Subsequently, this requirement is to some extent peculiar because it does not exist everywhere. Thus, in attempting to explain the writing curriculum requirements at Syracuse University it may be beneficial to consider writing requirements at university levels throughout other countries around the world International (Writing) Curriculum Summaries: In an article written by Alistair Ross, a Professor of Education at the University of North London, Ross notes that it was not until 1988 that a national curriculum was taken upon by the United Kingdom. Prior to 1988 branches of learning, including writing classes, were strongly suggested but not mandatory (Ross). Today, English writing programs in the UK are required from ages 5 to 16, but thereafter are no longer mandatory (Ross). However, it is important to recognize that this national curriculum does not include writing course requirements for students attending universities in the United Kingdom. Similar to the UK, Japan also has a national writing curriculum that extends until college. In an article about Japanese educational systems, taken from the Department of Education, education in Japan is described as â€Å"very rapid† (Mackey). National curriculums from elementary to high school cover an array of material that ranges from Japanese writing to Humanities (Mackey). After the completion of high school many students attend universities throughout the country, however at this point curriculum https://sv1.123helpme.com/servlet/p1.PaperAdminControllerrequirements (including writing) are no longer applied (Mackey).

Water Diuresis in Man Practical Report Essay

INTRODUCTION The body needs to maintain equilibrium to function properly in everyday life. The most important substance it must regulate is water; water is everywhere in our body and its balance is essential for proper body function. A very carefully regulated process is solute concentration. If there is a sudden increase in water which enters the extracellular fluid, sodium ions will then contribute less to the extracellular solute concentration as the ratio between water and solute has now changed. Osmolality is the amount of solute in a kilogram, hence the osmolality in the extracellular space has also decreased. Water diuresis is the increase in urinary water excreted with little or no change in the solute excretion. Excess water needs to be excreted to maintain a good balance of water and solute inside the body. The aim of this practical is to test the effects of strenuous exercise and desmopressin (anti-diuretic hormone) on urine flow and urine sodium concentration. We will be testing the hypotheses that vigorous exercise will decrease urine flow and increase urine sodium concentration, whereas desmopressin will have the opposite effect of decreased urine flow and increased sodium concentration. Use the class data (refer to the appropriate figures in your discussion). (a) What happens to the rate of urine production (i.e. urine flow) for the three procedures (i.e. control, desmopressin and exercise)? Use your knowledge of statistics to evaluate the evidence that the responses after the treatments (i.e. desmopressin and exercise) differed from that in the control subjects. Explain the following (including the underlying mechanisms): i. why there is a delay in the onset of the diuresis after water loading in the control subject (A); ii. the effects of administered desmopressin on the diuresis (subject B); iii. the mechanisms by which a single session of vigorous exercise affects the diuresis produced by the water load (subject C). After drinking water, the control and test subjects had gradual increase of urine flow, reaching a peak then decreasing again, whereas the desmopressin subject had decreased urine flow after taking the hormone, thereafter plateauing. According to the Dunnett’s t test between the urine flow of the subjects, the urine flow of the treatment subjects was significantly different to that of the control. There is a delay in the onset of diuresis after loading in the control subject as it takes time for the water to be filtered in the body. Water is absorbed from the gut into the extracellular fluid. Osmoreceptors from the posterior pituitary detect the water through cell stretch and initiate responses that control ADH secretion (Widmaier et al., 2014). Fluids are filtered through the kidneys and the excess water is transported to the bladder where it will then be excreted. Desmopressin decreases the urine volume excreted. Desmopressin is a synthetic substitute  for anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water. Due to increased water reabsorption, diuresis (urine volume) is decreased. A single session of vigorous exercise sharply decreases the urine flow and hence, diuresis. During exercise, you lose sodium and water by sweating so the kidney works to reabsorb the water so you are not dehydrated. This results in more concentrated urine. (b) If a control subject was dehydrated at the beginning of the practical class, how would you expect this to affect their response to the water load? They would retain some of the water and hence would have decreased urine excretion compared to someone who is well hydrated. (c) What effect does alcohol have on water diuresis? What is the mechanism of the action of alcohol on a water diuresis? Alcohol inhibits the pituitary secretion of ADH, which acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water. Because ADH levels drop, the kidneys do not reabsorb as much water and hence produce more urine, causing increased water diuresis. (d) Use the class graphs and statistical analysis of the urine sodium concentration to determine if this is different for the control and desmopressin subjects. Do you think there a relationship between urine flow and the urine sodium concentration? According to the statistical analysis, the difference between the control and desmopressin subjects for sodium urine concentration were significantly different. Looking at the class graphs, this is also true; the graph values vary significantly. There seems to be an inverse relationship between urine flow and urine sodium concentration. When the urine flow is high, the urine sodium concentration is relatively low and vice versa. (e) Use the class graphs and statistical analysis of the sodium excretion rate to determine if this is different for the control and desmopressin subjects. Do you think there a relationship between urine flow and the sodium excretion rate? According to the statistical analysis, the sodium excretion rate for the control and desmopressin subjects are not significantly different. This can also be seem from the class graphs; they  follow similar values. There does not seem to be a high correlation between urine flow and sodium excretion rate. After taking desmopressin, the subjects’ sodium secretion rate is similar to the control’s, however, the urine flow is noticeably decreased after drinking water. Looking at the exercise subjects, their sodium excretion is lower than the other subjects after drinking water, however their urine flow after a few samples is significantly increased. (f)Complete the following table: Stimulus Type/Site of Receptors ADH Response Physiological response on Urine Volume Physiological response on Blood Volume Increased osmolality (dehydration) Osmoreceptors High ADH levels Decreased Decreased Decreased osmolality Osmoreceptors Low ADH levels Increased Increased Increased blood volume Baroreceptors Decreased ADH secretion Increased Increased Decreased blood volume Barereceptors Increased ADH secretion Decreased Decreased CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that strenuous exercise decreases urine flow and hence will increase the concentration of urine. Desmopressin decreased urine flow and due to this increased water excretion, also decreased the concentration of urine. REFERENCES: Widmaier, EP, Raff, H & Strang, KT (2014). Vander’s Human Physiology. The Mechanisms of Body Function. MCGraw Hill, Chapter 14, page 499.